Building massing and orientation form the foundation of architectural design. They determine the spatial composition, scale, environmental response, and contextual integration of the project. These early design decisions guide the organization of volumes, the relationship between built and open spaces, and the alignment of the building with solar, wind, and view corridors.

Massing refers to the overall three-dimensional form of the building—its size, shape, height, and arrangement of volumes. Orientation deals with how these masses are positioned in relation to cardinal directions, site boundaries, streetscapes, and natural features such as sun path, prevailing winds, and topography.

Effective massing and orientation improve thermal comfort, access to daylight, natural ventilation, energy performance, and urban compatibility. They also influence zoning compliance, view preservation, noise control, and structural efficiency. This section explores the core principles and strategies architects use to analyze and design building massing and orientation in alignment with functional, environmental, and regulatory requirements.